When the prevailing mental model-the normal science-was that the sun orbited the Earth, Galileo was put under house arrest for suggesting that the Earth, instead, orbited the sun. This leads to gatekeepers: people who are motivated to preserve the status quo. Paradigm shifts are uncomfortable, as they challenge our view of the world. Taking a step back, we essentially view the world through one mental model and explain our new, incremental findings through the lens of that mental model-making small improvements-until a paradigm shift occurs, moving us to a markedly different mental model, after which the process repeats itself. Kuhn defines each stable period of knowledge as a paradigm, and the major breakthroughs lead to what he termed a paradigm shift, taking us to a new way of viewing the world with data. These anomalies lead to major breakthroughs, which then lead us to the next stable period of normal science.
#PARADIGM SHIFT EXAMPLES STORIES DRIVERS#
One of the main drivers of this revolutionary science, during which we tend to have major breakthroughs, is the discovery of anomalies-parts of the current prevailing wisdom that don’t quite make sense or were not quite matched by real-world data. He suggests that scientific progress is episodic and stage-like: We have periods of stability where there are small increases in knowledge-Kuhn terms this stage normal science-which are then interrupted by periods of rapid accumulation of knowledge, termed revolutionary science. Kuhn, however, argues against this model. The typical model of science suggests that scientific progress occurs as development through accumulation-that is, we gain small bits of knowledge that add to our current knowledge in an incremental, step-like manner. Kuhn’s book has been highly influential for his model of how science works.
Since its initial publication, the book has been reissued numerous times, and it is now on its fourth edition. In 1962, the first edition of Thomas Kuhn’s seminal book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, was published.
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